Franchise Market Size, Share, Growth, And Industry Analysis By Type (Business Format Franchise, Product Distribution Franchise, Management Franchise, and Others) By Application (Food Franchises, Hotel Franchises, Convenience Store Franchises, Real Estate Franchises, Car Rental & Dealer Franchises, Child Education Franchises, and Others), Regional Insights and Forecast From 2026 To 2035

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FRANCHISE MARKET OVERVIEW

In 2026, the global Franchise Market is estimated at USD 160.35 Billion. With consistent expansion, the market is projected to attain USD 369.83 Billion by 2035. The market is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 9.73% over the period from 2026 to 2035.

The franchise market represents a diversified business ecosystem spanning restaurants, hotels, convenience stores, real estate, automotive services, education, cleaning services, and other consumer-facing sectors. Business format franchising remains the dominant operating model because franchisees receive trademarks, operating systems, training, marketing support, technology, and standardized procedures. Global franchise expansion is increasingly supported by master franchise agreements and multi-unit development strategies. Major systems demonstrate substantial operating scale, with Subway operating more than 35,000 restaurants worldwide and Marriott International reaching 10,000 properties. Digital ordering, loyalty platforms, artificial intelligence, standardized operating systems, and localized franchise partnerships are strengthening scalability across international markets.

The United States remains one of the world's most developed franchise environments, supported by established disclosure requirements, mature franchise financing, extensive multi-unit ownership, and strong consumer recognition of franchised brands. Restaurant, hospitality, personal services, education, automotive, and commercial services concepts maintain substantial franchise penetration. Operators increasingly prioritize unit-level productivity, digital ordering, customer loyalty, artificial intelligence, smaller footprints, and labor efficiency. Multi-unit franchisees are becoming strategically important because experienced operators can accelerate development while applying established management infrastructure across additional locations. Franchisors are also strengthening franchisee recruitment, operational support, local marketing, technology integration, and site-selection capabilities to improve system consistency and expansion potential.

KEY FINDINGS

LATEST TRENDS

The franchise market is increasingly shaped by multi-unit ownership, artificial intelligence, digital ordering, loyalty ecosystems, master franchise agreements, and flexible store formats. Experienced franchisees are reinvesting in additional units, enabling franchisors to expand with operators already familiar with brand standards and local market conditions. Artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly relevant for demand forecasting, workforce scheduling, personalized marketing, customer support, site selection, and operational analysis. Franchisors are also strengthening mobile applications, self-service kiosks, digital payments, delivery integration, and loyalty programs to improve customer convenience and franchisee productivity.

International development is shifting toward larger master franchise and development agreements. Subway operates more than 35,000 restaurants globally and continues using master franchise partners to accelerate geographic expansion. Hospitality franchising is similarly expanding through asset-light models, conversions, licensing arrangements, and multi-property agreements. Marriott International reached 10,000 properties, demonstrating the scale achievable through branded hospitality systems. Franchisors are additionally developing smaller formats and flexible concepts to reduce site requirements and reach secondary cities. Consumers increasingly expect consistent brand experiences combined with localized products and services. This is encouraging franchisors to maintain standardized technology and operating systems while allowing franchise partners greater flexibility in menus, property design, marketing, and customer engagement.

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FRANCHISE MARKET SEGMENTATION

By Type

Based on Type the global market can be categorized in to Business Format Franchise, Product Distribution Franchise, Management Franchise and Others.

• Business format franchise: Business format franchise accounts for an estimated 64% share of the franchise market and represents the most widely adopted structure across restaurants, hotels, education, real estate, cleaning services, and consumer services. Franchisees typically receive permission to operate under the franchisor's trademark while following established procedures for marketing, training, procurement, technology, customer service, store design, and quality control. McDonald's, Subway, KFC, Burger King, Kumon, and numerous hotel brands demonstrate characteristics associated with this model. Its strength comes from replicability because successful operating processes can be transferred across locations. Digital operating manuals, learning platforms, centralized purchasing, loyalty programs, and analytics are making business format franchises increasingly scalable across different geographic markets.

• Product distribution franchise: Product distribution franchise represents an estimated 18% share of the franchise market. This structure focuses primarily on distributing products supplied or approved by a franchisor or manufacturer while allowing the franchisee greater independence in daily operations than a conventional business format system. Automotive dealerships, fuel distribution networks, beverage distribution, and selected retail businesses commonly demonstrate product distribution characteristics. Franchisees benefit from recognized products, established supply relationships, merchandising support, and manufacturer branding. Growth is influenced by consumer demand, inventory availability, territory structures, and supply-chain efficiency. Digital inventory management, customer relationship systems, connected distribution networks, and data-based replenishment are improving operating visibility. The model remains important where product availability and recognized manufacturer brands strongly influence purchasing decisions.

• Management franchise: Management franchise accounts for an estimated 11% share of the franchise market and is particularly relevant in hospitality and service-oriented industries where owners require professional management capabilities alongside recognized branding. Under this structure, specialized operators can manage properties or businesses according to established service standards, technology platforms, distribution systems, and customer experience requirements. Hospitality companies demonstrate the strategic value of combining global brand recognition with professional property management and local ownership. Marriott International's portfolio has reached 10,000 properties, illustrating the global scalability of branded hospitality networks. Management-oriented franchise arrangements benefit from centralized reservation technology, loyalty programs, training, property standards, procurement capabilities, and operational expertise. Demand is supported by property owners seeking established brands and sophisticated commercial systems.

• Others: Other franchise structures account for an estimated 7% share and include conversion franchises, investment-oriented structures, hybrid licensing arrangements, area development agreements, and specialized franchise formats. Conversion franchising is particularly relevant in hospitality, real estate, professional services, and selected retail categories because independent operators can join established networks while retaining ownership of existing assets. Area development structures allow qualified operators to establish multiple units within defined territories. Hybrid formats combine licensing, distribution, management, and franchise characteristics according to industry requirements. These models create flexibility for brands entering new geographic markets where conventional single-unit franchising may not provide sufficient scale. Technology platforms increasingly support these structures through centralized training, brand compliance, customer management, analytics, marketing automation, and standardized reporting.

By Application

Based on Application the global market can be categorized in to Food Franchises, Hotel Franchises, Convenience Store Franchises, Real Estate Franchises, Car Rental & Dealer Franchises, Child Education Franchises and Others.

• Food franchises: Food franchises hold an estimated 34% share of the franchise market, making them the largest application segment. McDonald's, Subway, Burger King, Wendy's, Pizza Hut, Dunkin', Baskin-Robbins, Taco Bell, Domino's, and KFC demonstrate the extensive role of franchising in quick-service and limited-service restaurants. Subway alone operates more than 35,000 restaurants globally, illustrating the scalability of standardized restaurant franchising. Demand is supported by repeat food consumption, recognizable brands, standardized menus, delivery services, drive-through formats, mobile ordering, loyalty programs, and established supply chains. Operators increasingly invest in digital menu systems, automated kitchen processes, artificial intelligence, customer personalization, and compact restaurant formats to improve convenience and operating productivity.

• Hotel franchises: Hotel franchises represent an estimated 17% share of the franchise market. Marriott International, Hilton Hotels & Resorts, Choice Hotels, and InterContinental Hotels and Resorts illustrate the importance of franchise and related asset-light structures in global hospitality. Marriott International reached 10,000 properties in 2026, highlighting the international scalability of branded hotel networks. Franchise owners benefit from reservation systems, loyalty programs, brand standards, distribution channels, marketing platforms, property-management technology, and established customer recognition. Conversion opportunities are becoming increasingly important as independent hotels join recognized systems to access larger distribution networks. Midscale and extended-stay concepts are also attracting development interest because standardized designs can support expansion across secondary cities and business destinations.

• Convenience store franchises: Convenience store franchises account for an estimated 14% share of the franchise market and are supported by frequent consumer visits, neighborhood accessibility, extended operating hours, foodservice integration, and standardized merchandising. 7-Eleven and Circle K represent major global convenience networks with substantial international operating footprints. Franchise systems increasingly integrate fresh food, beverages, private-label products, fuel services, mobile applications, loyalty programs, delivery, and digital payment technologies. Store formats are being adapted to urban centers, transport corridors, residential communities, and travel locations. Franchisees benefit from centralized procurement, recognized brands, established product assortments, promotional programs, and operating systems. Technology is becoming more important through automated inventory monitoring, personalized promotions, demand forecasting, self-checkout, and integrated loyalty capabilities.

• Real estate franchises: Real estate franchises hold an estimated 10% share of the franchise market. Century 21 represents a prominent example of a globally recognized real estate franchise network. The model enables independently owned brokerages and agents to access established branding, marketing resources, technology platforms, professional training, property-listing tools, referral networks, and standardized operating support. Digital transformation is reshaping this application as franchise networks adopt virtual property tours, customer relationship management systems, automated lead generation, digital documentation, artificial intelligence, and data-based property analysis. Local expertise remains essential because housing markets differ substantially by city and region. Franchise networks therefore combine centralized brand resources with decentralized market knowledge, enabling individual offices to respond to local property conditions while benefiting from broader marketing and referral capabilities.

• Car rental & dealer franchises: Car rental & dealer franchises represent an estimated 8% share of the franchise market. Hertz and franchised automotive dealer networks illustrate the application of franchise and licensing structures within mobility and vehicle distribution. Operators benefit from recognized brands, centralized reservations, fleet management systems, vehicle sourcing, customer loyalty programs, digital booking platforms, and established operating standards. The segment is evolving as customers increasingly expect app-based reservations, contactless collection, flexible rental periods, connected fleet services, and transparent pricing. Automotive dealerships are similarly adopting digital retailing, online financing, customer relationship platforms, and service scheduling. Electric vehicles and connected mobility technologies create additional requirements for franchise operators, including charging infrastructure, technician training, fleet optimization, and specialized customer support.

• Child education franchises: Child education franchises account for an estimated 7% share of the franchise market and are supported by parental demand for structured supplementary learning, tutoring, mathematics, reading, language education, and academic development. Kumon represents one of the most internationally established systems, operating approximately 23,200 centers and serving 61 countries and regions. Standardized teaching materials, instructor training, student assessment, recognizable learning methods, and recurring enrollment support franchise scalability. Digital learning tools increasingly complement physical education centers through online assignments, progress tracking, personalized learning, and parent communication. Expansion opportunities are particularly relevant in densely populated urban markets where families prioritize supplementary education. Operators must maintain teaching quality, instructor capability, student outcomes, safeguarding requirements, and consistent educational standards.

• Others: Other applications represent an estimated 10% share and include cleaning services, health and wellness, fitness, home services, commercial services, beauty, senior care, logistics, and specialized business services. Chem-Dry Carpet Cleaning illustrates the presence of franchise structures in residential and commercial cleaning. Service franchises can often operate with smaller physical footprints than restaurants or hotels, reducing dependence on premium retail property. Demand is supported by outsourcing, convenience, recurring maintenance requirements, demographic changes, and increased consumer preference for professionally managed services. Technology platforms improve scheduling, payments, customer acquisition, technician routing, performance tracking, and franchisee support. Health, wellness, child services, and commercial services are attracting particular development interest as franchisors target recurring-demand categories.

MARKET DYNAMICS

Driving Factor

Increasing adoption of scalable and standardized business ownership models.

The primary franchise market growth driver is demand for business ownership models that combine entrepreneurship with established brands, operating procedures, training, supply chains, technology, and marketing support. Franchising enables entrepreneurs to enter industries using tested business systems rather than developing independent concepts from the beginning. The United States is projected to support approximately 845,000 franchise establishments, demonstrating the scale of organized franchise ownership. Multi-unit ownership is strengthening this driver because successful operators increasingly add locations after developing management capabilities. Major franchisors also provide sophisticated site-selection tools, training platforms, digital marketing systems, purchasing networks, and performance benchmarks. These capabilities can reduce operational uncertainty and enable consistent expansion. Internationally, master franchise agreements allow experienced local partners to adapt global concepts while maintaining core brand standards.

Driver Impact Analysis*

Restraining Factor

Increasing operating costs and substantial initial investment requirements.

Franchise development can require significant capital for franchise fees, property, construction, equipment, inventory, technology, training, staffing, and working capital. These requirements can restrict entry for prospective franchisees, particularly in hospitality, restaurants, automotive services, and convenience retail. Higher labor expenses, insurance costs, property costs, utilities, food inputs, and financing requirements can additionally pressure unit economics. Prospective operators must evaluate royalty structures, advertising contributions, renewal requirements, remodeling obligations, territory restrictions, and contractual operating standards before committing capital. Franchise systems also differ substantially in investment intensity, making brand selection increasingly important. Although franchising provides established operating support, franchisees remain exposed to local consumer demand and execution risks. Mature franchisors are responding through smaller store formats, flexible development models, technology-based productivity improvements, and stronger franchisee support systems.

Restraint Impact Analysis*

International expansion through master franchise and multi-unit development agreements.

Opportunity

International development offers substantial opportunities for established franchise brands seeking geographic diversification. Master franchise agreements enable companies to work with local operators possessing market knowledge, property expertise, regulatory familiarity, supply-chain capabilities, and development resources. Subway's 2026 Central European agreement targets 300 restaurants across 5 countries, demonstrating the scale possible through this model. Hospitality companies are similarly using franchise, management, licensing, and conversion structures to enter secondary cities and underserved markets. India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Central Europe, and selected Latin American countries offer opportunities driven by urbanization, branded service adoption, travel activity, organized retail, and expanding consumer expectations. Education and child-service franchises also offer potential as families seek standardized learning programs. Digital platforms further enable franchisors to remotely support franchisees through training, analytics, marketing automation, operating dashboards, and centralized customer engagement.

Maintaining brand consistency across increasingly complex international franchise networks.

Challenge

Global franchise expansion creates challenges involving service consistency, franchisee compliance, supply-chain reliability, labor availability, technology integration, regulatory requirements, and local consumer preferences. A franchisor operating thousands of units must protect brand standards while allowing appropriate localization. Subway, for example, operates more than 35,000 restaurants through thousands of independent franchisees, illustrating the operational coordination required across a large franchise network. Training quality, food safety, property standards, digital systems, marketing execution, and customer experience must remain sufficiently consistent across different operators. International development adds differences in labor rules, disclosure requirements, property markets, taxation, product sourcing, and consumer behavior. Franchisors therefore require stronger auditing, franchisee communication, digital performance monitoring, supply-chain partnerships, field support, and standardized training. Poor execution at individual locations can affect consumer perception of the entire brand. 

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FRANCHISE MARKET REGIONAL INSIGHTS

• North America

North America accounts for an estimated 39% share of the global franchise market and remains the leading regional ecosystem. The United States drives franchise development through restaurants, personal services, commercial services, hospitality, education, automotive services, and organized retail. Established franchise disclosure requirements, accessible business financing, sophisticated franchise operators, and strong consumer recognition support regional market stability. Canada contributes through established restaurant chains, retail networks, hospitality businesses, and professional service franchises. Technology adoption is accelerating as franchisors integrate artificial intelligence, mobile ordering, customer loyalty platforms, automated marketing, workforce management systems, and advanced data analytics. Multi-unit franchise ownership continues to gain importance as experienced operators expand established business models across additional territories. Regional franchise development also benefits from standardized operating procedures, established supplier relationships, professional training programs, and strong brand recognition among consumers.

• Europe

Europe holds an estimated 22% share of the global franchise market, supported by established consumer brands, mature retail infrastructure, hospitality networks, restaurant chains, and expanding master franchise partnerships. The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands maintain established franchise ecosystems, while Central European markets offer additional development opportunities. International franchisors increasingly collaborate with regional master franchise operators to accelerate expansion while benefiting from local market knowledge and established operational capabilities. Hotel franchising and branded hospitality remain important segments, supported by tourism activity, property conversions, and demand for standardized accommodation services. Digital ordering platforms, loyalty programs, self-service technologies, and localized product offerings are becoming important competitive differentiators. European franchisors must also manage varying regulatory frameworks, employment requirements, supply chain standards, data protection obligations, and consumer preferences. Continued investment in operational efficiency and digital customer engagement supports regional franchise development.

• Asia Pacific

Asia Pacific represents an estimated 21% share of the global franchise market and offers substantial expansion opportunities through urbanization, tourism development, organized retail growth, and increasing consumer interest in established international brands. China, India, Japan, Australia, South Korea, Indonesia, and Singapore support diverse franchise activities across restaurants, education, hospitality, convenience retail, fitness, and business services. International education franchises benefit from growing interest in structured learning programs, while hospitality operators expand through branded accommodation concepts and local development partnerships. Restaurant franchisors increasingly adapt menus, pricing strategies, store formats, and digital ordering services to regional consumer preferences. Master franchise agreements and multi-unit development partnerships help international brands establish local distribution networks and operational capabilities. Digital payments, mobile applications, customer analytics, and automated service technologies are improving operational efficiency. Regional market development depends on effective localization, suitable property availability, workforce training, and consistent brand standards.

• Middle East & Africa

Middle East & Africa holds an estimated 8% share of the global franchise market, supported by hospitality investment, organized retail development, restaurant expansion, and increasing consumer familiarity with international brands. Gulf Cooperation Council countries represent important development centers, with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates attracting franchise investment through tourism infrastructure, commercial property development, and expanding consumer service industries. Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Oman provide additional opportunities for restaurant, hospitality, education, and retail franchise operators. International brands increasingly collaborate with local partners possessing market knowledge, property access, and established distribution capabilities. African markets, including South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Kenya, and Nigeria, offer opportunities through urbanization, organized retail development, and expanding service industries. Franchise operators must address supply chain reliability, workforce training, financing availability, and localized consumer preferences. Master franchise partnerships support market entry while helping international brands maintain operational consistency and service quality.

• Rest of the World

Rest of the World accounts for an estimated 10% share of the global franchise market, with Latin America representing the principal regional contributor. Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Peru support franchise activity across restaurants, hospitality, education, convenience retail, automotive services, real estate, and professional business services. International franchisors increasingly collaborate with local master franchise partners to access established distribution networks, commercial properties, marketing expertise, and operational infrastructure. Domestic franchise brands also contribute to regional development through localized products, recognizable business concepts, and established customer relationships. Digital payment systems, food delivery platforms, mobile ordering applications, and social media marketing are improving customer accessibility and engagement. Franchise operators continue to adapt store formats, pricing strategies, and service offerings to local economic conditions. Regional expansion depends on financing availability, regulatory compliance, reliable supply chains, and disciplined location selection.

KEY INDUSTRY PLAYERS

The franchise market combines global restaurant, hospitality, convenience retail, education, real estate, automotive, and service brands competing through operational scale, franchisee support, technology adoption, customer loyalty, and geographic expansion. Subway operates more than 35,000 restaurants globally, reflecting its extensive international franchise network and established brand presence. Major companies, including 7-Eleven, McDonald's, KFC, Marriott International, Hilton Hotels & Resorts, Burger King, and Domino's, maintain strong positions through standardized operating models and franchise development partnerships. Competitive strategies increasingly emphasize master franchise agreements, multi-unit development, artificial intelligence, digital ordering, customer loyalty platforms, and localized product offerings. Emerging franchise concepts compete through specialized services, flexible store formats, simplified operations, and targeted consumer propositions.

List of Top Franchise Companies

• 7-Eleven
• SUBWAY
• Circle K
• Marriott International
• Burger King
• Hilton Hotels & Resorts
• Wendy's
• Pizza Hut
• Dunkin'
• Choice Hotels
• Chem-Dry Carpet Cleaning
• Century 21
• McDonald's
• Baskin-Robbins
• Taco Bell
• Kumon
• InterContinental Hotels and Resorts
• Domino's
• Hertz
• KFC

Top 2 companies with highest market share

• 7-Eleven: Estimated 8% share reflects extensive convenience-store scale, standardized retail operations, franchise infrastructure, and international presence.

• McDonald's: Estimated 7% share reflects global restaurant penetration, franchise scale, digital capabilities, recognized branding, and operating standardization.

MARKET LEADERSHIP MATRIX: FRANCHISE MARKET

LEADER INSIGHTS

• McDonald's: Chris Kempczinski, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, emphasized that changing customer expectations, stronger competitive intensity, loyalty capabilities, technology modernization, and restaurant productivity are shaping the company's next phase of growth. His comments indicate that continued franchisee investment, digital infrastructure, operational improvement, and customer experience enhancement will remain central to expanding demand and strengthening restaurant economics across the McDonald's system. (Published: September 23, 2026 | Source: https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/)

• Hilton Hotels & Resorts: Chris Nassetta, President and CEO of Hilton, highlighted that strong owner confidence, expanding guest demand, new brand development, and a record development pipeline are supporting continued global hotel expansion. His comments indicate that Hilton's franchise-led network effect, commercial capabilities, and geographic diversification are creating sustained opportunities for new hotel development and broader adoption of branded hospitality concepts. (Published: January 2026 | Source: https://stories.hilton.com/)

• SUBWAY: Joseph Hsu, President of Subway Asia Pacific, emphasized that experienced local master franchise partners and data-driven market development are critical to achieving sustainable expansion in emerging and established markets. His comments on Subway's Taiwan strategy indicate that localized operating expertise, established brand recognition, and long-term franchise partnerships remain important drivers of restaurant network growth across Asia Pacific. (Published: March 18, 2026 | Source: https://newsroom.subway.com/)

INVESTMENT ANALYSIS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Franchise market investment is increasingly directed toward multi-unit development, digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence, hospitality conversions, service concepts, and international master franchise agreements. The United States is projected to add more than 12,000 franchise establishments in 2026, demonstrating continued development appetite despite operating-cost pressures. International opportunities are particularly visible in India, Central Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East, where established brands are partnering with experienced local operators. Investors are also targeting child services, commercial services, health and wellness, and smaller-footprint concepts. Technology investments in site selection, workforce management, digital ordering, loyalty, analytics, and automated marketing can improve franchisee productivity and support scalable network management.

NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

New product development in the franchise market increasingly involves business formats, technology platforms, store designs, loyalty ecosystems, and service delivery rather than only physical products. Artificial intelligence is being integrated into marketing, workforce planning, customer personalization, demand forecasting, and operational support. McDonald's operates a 21,000-square-foot innovation facility designed to test restaurant equipment, processes, technology, and artificial intelligence applications. Hospitality franchisors are developing conversion-friendly brands and flexible midscale concepts, while restaurant franchises are introducing compact formats, digital ordering, kiosks, and new menu platforms. Education franchises are combining physical instruction with digital learning, while service franchises increasingly use mobile scheduling, automated customer communication, and centralized performance dashboards.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

• October 2026: Hilton signs major Bengaluru airport hospitality development adding 600 rooms. Hilton partnered with Kalyani Group for 2 Bengaluru hotels, expanding branded hospitality capacity through Conrad and Hilton operating capabilities near a major aviation hub.

• September 2026: SUBWAY signs Central Europe master franchise agreement targeting 300 restaurants. Subway partnered with Emerging Bites Holdings to develop 300 restaurants across 5 countries using modern restaurant design, digital ordering, loyalty and operating capabilities.

• September 2026: McDonald's  advances NEXT strategy to strengthen customer experience and restaurant productivity. McDonald's advanced its NEXT strategy, emphasizing customer experience, category development and restaurant efficiency while leveraging established system capabilities to strengthen long-term franchise competitiveness.

• June 2026: Marriott International reaches 10,000 global properties with landmark India resort opening. Marriott International reached 10,000 properties through JW Marriott Ranthambore Resort & Spa, demonstrating continued international expansion supported by diversified brands and development partnerships.

• April 2026: Hilton Hotels & Resorts accelerates Indian franchising through 125-hotel Hampton development agreement. Hilton partnered with Royal Orchid Hotels to target 125 Hampton properties, using franchised midscale hospitality capabilities to expand across western and southern Indian markets.

REPORT COVERAGE

The franchise market report examines business structures, operating models, application categories, franchisee development, competitive strategies, technology adoption, and geographic expansion. Coverage includes business format, product distribution, management, and other franchise structures across food, hospitality, convenience retail, real estate, automotive, education, and service applications. The competitive assessment evaluates 20 major companies, including 7-Eleven, Subway, Marriott International, Hilton Hotels & Resorts, McDonald's, KFC, Domino's, Kumon, and other established franchise systems. Regional analysis evaluates North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Rest of the World. The report also examines multi-unit ownership, master franchise agreements, artificial intelligence, digital operations, franchise investment, partnerships, and network development.